Many real-world problems such as industrial production planning 1,2, traffic signal control 3,4, military strategic decision-making 5,6 and energy management of hybrid electric vehicles 7 can be ...

Algorithms give computers step-by-step instructions to complete tasks accurately.Good algorithms improve software speed, ...

Programming languages are generally defined as a more human-friendly way to program computers than using raw machine code. Within the realm of these languages there is a wide range of how close the ...

As cities continue to expand, railways are expected to become an important component of urban mobility systems. Compared with ...

The incorporation of energy conservation measures into production efficiency is widely recognized as a crucial aspect of contemporary industry. This study aims to develop interpretable and ...