In response to ever increasing high demands for larger channel capacities, EM spectrum efficiency, and communication security, several technologies have been introduced, such as Multiple-Input ...

Recently, vortex beams have been widely studied and applied because they carry orbital angular momentum (OAM). It is widely acknowledged in the scientific community that fractional OAM does not ...

Austrian researchers have sent data through the turbulent air over Vienna using an orbital angular momentum modulated free-space laser beam. The experiment could open the door to high-speed quantum ...