Optical waves propagating through air or multi-mode fiber can be patterned or decomposed using orthogonal spatial modes, with far-ranging applications in imaging, communication, and directed energy.

Our textbook description of light brings our attention to bear on its traditional form as an electromagnetic wave, comprising a wavelength and frequency, amplitude and phase, and with the direction of ...

There are many interesting fluidic phenomena with vortex structures in nature, like tornado, whirlpool and backwash. As a counterpart in wave system, the acoustic vortex can also hold the profile of ...