Wearable health sensors such as photoplethysmography (PPG) wristbands, ECG patches and multi-modal biometric devices are typically developed and calibrated under controlled laboratory conditions.

Various factors can elevate the risks involved, including maternal age, pre-existing health conditions, pregnancy complications, or lifestyle factors.

Objectives To derive sex-specific peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) reference equations for cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) that integrate estimations of lean body mass (eLBM) and ...