Matthew Wosnitzer, MD, is a board-certified urologic surgeon and physician scientist. He specializes in male infertility. A cystogram is used to diagnose bladder problems, including urinary reflux and ...

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction is a condition where urine flow from the kidney to the bladder is blocked. This blockage is often present at birth and can lead to kidney damage and swelling.

Some children are born with an anatomic abnormality that allows backwards flow of urine from the bladder to the kidney. This is called vesicoureteral reflux or VUR. Children with VUR have more urinary ...

The ureter is a long thin tubular structure 10-12 inches long which carries urine produced in the kidney to the bladder. The urine is transported by a process called peristalsis. The ureter actively ...

Kids catch lots of bugs in their first few years of life. Colds and other respiratory infections are common. But kids can get urinary tract infections (UTIs), too. Up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys ...

Unlike previously described cases, this case is unique due to the patient's abrupt progression to anhydramnios at 34 weeks and 5 days, despite having normal amniotic fluid levels prior to that. With ...

A nulliparous female presented with lower abdominal pain, initially diagnosed as incisional scar hernia, which was repaired. However, her pain persisted despite unremarkable radiology imaging. She was ...

A cystocele occurs when the supportive tissues around the bladder stretch and weaken, allowing the bladder and the vaginal wall to move out of place. They may bulge through the vaginal wall or vaginal ...

If you think you may have pelvic organ prolapse, talk to your doctor. There are a number of tests they may use to diagnose the condition. First, they’ll ask you about your medical history and examine ...

Horseshoe kidney (renal fusion) is when a person is born with the kidneys fused together. Seven in ten people with this condition experience symptoms, which can include abdominal pain and nausea. It ...

People have the right to be involved in discussions and make informed decisions about their care, as described in NICE's information on making decisions about your care. Making decisions using NICE ...