Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (IGs), are glycoproteins produced in response to an immune reaction and exhibit high specificity for the antigens that elicit the response. An antibody ...

The human body has three primary lines of defense to fight against foreign invaders, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The immune system’s three lines of defense include physical and chemical ...

The complement system, a coordinator and facilitator of the innate immune response, plays an essential role in maintaining host homeostasis. It promotes clearance of pathogen- and danger-associated ...

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Covid-19 denotes coronavirus disease 2019, CT computed tomography, ICU intensive care unit, MIS-C multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, ND not determined, PASC postacute sequelae of Covid-19, ...

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is the most common, heterogeneous, immune-mediated neuropathy, characterized by predominant demyelination of motor and sensory nerves. CIDP ...

Humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies and is primarily driven by B cells. Cell-mediated immunity on the other hand does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and ...

One can acquire humoral immunity to a specific infection or disease if administered with antibodies from someone who was previously been exposed to the same infection, circumventing the humoral ...

Insights into the important contribution of inflammation and immune functions in the development and progression of atherosclerosis have greatly improved our understanding of this disease. Although ...

This chapter has undergone a complete update to reflect current insights in the evolving fields of immunology and vaccinology. Building upon the foundational concepts previously introduced in the ...

The complement system is a major pillar of the humoral innate immune system. As a first line of defense against pathogens, it mediates early inflammatory response and links different branches of ...