The peripheral perfusion index (PI) is derived from pulse oximetry and is defined as the ratio of the pulse wave of the pulsatile portion (arteries) to the non-pulsatile portion (venous and other ...

Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) is usually recommended in patients undergoing major surgery and is essential in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. This fluid regimen is usually ...

Pulse oximeters, a type of photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor, are electronic devices that measure a person’s blood-oxygen saturation (SpO 2) and heart-rate (HR) levels. Since their inception in the ...

In this Director's Forum, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia warned of whathe sees as the dangers of interpreting the Constitution as a "living"document rather than giving it its original meaning. "The ...